心血管疾病 - 多學科復康 | Cardiovascular Disease (MRP)
心血管疾病
關鍵事實
心血管疾病是全球第一大死因:每年死於心血管疾病的人數超過其他任何原因。
據估計,2016年有1790萬人死於心血管疾病,占全球死亡人數的31%。在這些死亡中,85%是由於心臟病發作和中風。
超過四分之三的心血管疾病死亡發生在低收入和中等收入國家。2015年,1700萬人(70歲以下)因非傳染性疾病過早死亡,其中82%的人死於中低收入國家,37%的人死於心血管疾病。大多數心血管疾病都可以通過解决行為風險因素來預防,如吸烟、不健康飲食和肥胖、缺乏體育鍛煉和使用有害的酒精等。心血管疾病患者或心血管高危人群(由於存在一個或多個風險因素,如高血壓、糖尿病、高脂血症或已確定的疾病)需要及早發現並酌情使用諮詢和藥物進行管理。
什麼是心血管疾病?
心血管疾病(CVD)是一組心臟和血管疾病,包括:
- 冠心病 - 供應心肌的血管疾病;
- 腦血管疾病 - 供應大腦的血管疾病;
- 外周動脈疾病 - 供應手臂和腿部的血管疾病;
- 風濕性心臟病 - 鏈球菌引起的風濕熱對心肌和心臟瓣膜的損害;
- 先天性心臟病 - 出生時存在的心臟結構畸形;
- 深靜脈血栓形成和肺栓塞 - 腿部靜脈中的血塊,可以脫落並轉移到心臟和肺部。
心臟病發作和中風通常是急性事件,主要由封锁血液流向心臟或大腦的阻塞引起。最常見的原因是脂肪沉積在供應心臟或大腦的血管內壁。中風也可由腦血管出血或血塊引起。心臟病發作和中風的原因通常是多種危險因素的綜合作用,如吸烟、不健康飲食和肥胖、缺乏運動和有害飲酒、高血壓、糖尿病和高脂血症。
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Key facts
- CVDs are the number 1 cause of death globally: more people die annually from CVDs than from any other cause.
- An estimated 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2016, representing 31% of all global deaths. Of these deaths, 85% are due to heart attack and stroke.
- Over three quarters of CVD deaths take place in low- and middle-income countries.
- Out of the 17 million premature deaths (under the age of 70) due to noncommunicable diseases in 2015, 82% are in low- and middle-income countries, and 37% are caused by CVDs.
- Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing behavioural risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity and harmful use of alcohol using population-wide strategies.
- People with cardiovascular disease or who are at high cardiovascular risk (due to the presence of one or more risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia or already established disease) need early detection and management using counselling and medicines, as appropriate.
What are cardiovascular diseases?
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and they include:
- coronary heart disease – disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle;
- cerebrovascular disease – disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain;
- peripheral arterial disease – disease of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs;
- rheumatic heart disease – damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria;
- congenital heart disease – malformations of heart structure existing at birth;
- deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism – blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and move to the heart and lungs.
Heart attacks and strokes are usually acute events and are mainly caused by a blockage that prevents blood from flowing to the heart or brain. The most common reason for this is a build-up of fatty deposits on the inner walls of the blood vessels that supply the heart or brain. Strokes can also be caused by bleeding from a blood vessel in the brain or from blood clots. The cause of heart attacks and strokes are usually the presence of a combination of risk factors, such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity and harmful use of alcohol, hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia.
Ref: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)
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